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【注释】 1 如R. Jack, A. Malek & D. Quest称信用证欺诈是“发展中的法律领域”( a developing area of law),见Documentary Credits, 3rd ed., (Butterworth, London, 2001), p. 257. 2 Ibid, p. 15. 3 The ICC Commission on Banking Technique and Practice Collected Opinions of the ICC Banking Commission [1995-2001], ICC Publication No 632, Ref 305. 4 这方面请参阅R. Jack, A. Malek & D. Quest Documentary Credits, 3rd ed., (Butterworth, London, 2001), Para. 13.1-13.40; R. King Gutteridge & Megrah’s Law of Banker’s Commercial Credits (Europa, London, 2001), Chapter 10; G. Graham, “International Commercial Letters of Credit and Choice of Law: so Whose Law should Apply Anyway?”, (2001) 47 Wayne L. Rev. 201. 5 Lord Diplock in United City Merchant (Investment) Ltd v Royal Bank of Canada (The American Accord) [1983] 1 AC 168. 6 Bank of Nova Scotia v Angelica-Whitewear Ltd [1987] SCR 59 at 81. 7 Commercial Crime Services Course Aims to Reduce Fraud Risk in International Commerce (online) http://www.iccwbo.org/ccs/news_archives/2000/course_aims_to_reduce_fraud_risk_in_international_commerce.asp 8 S. Kuo, ‘Shiao-Lin Kuo on the scope of letter of credit fraud’, Documentary Credits Insight, (1995) Autumn, Vol. 1, No. 4. 9 L. Leigh, The Control of Commercial Fraud (Heinemann, London, 1982), p. 3. 10 J. Dolan, The law of letters of Credit: Commercial and Standby Credits, rev ed. (Warren, Gorham & Lamont, Boston, 1996), para. 7-6, note 22. 11 [1765] 97 Eng Rep 1035 at 1038. 12 [1941] 31 NYS 2d 631. 13 [1978] 1 Lloyd's L.R. 166 (C.A.). 14 Ibid, at 170-171. 15 Discount Ltd v Barclay's Bank Ltd [1975] 1 W.L.R. 315; R D Harbottle (Mercantile) Ltd v National Westminister Bank Ltd [1978] Q.B. 146; Edward Owen Engineering Ltd v Barclays Bank Int. Ltd [1978] Q.B. 159; Bolivinter Oil SA v Chase Manhattan Bank [1984] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 251; United Trading Corpn SA v Allied Arab Bank [1985] 2 Lloyd's Rep 554; Tukan Timber Ltd v Barclays Bank plc [1987] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 171. 16 Edward Owen Limited v Barclays Bank [1978] 1 Q.B. 159 at 175. 17 [1985] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 554. 18 R.M. Goode, ‘Reflections of Letters of Credit -- I’, (1980) J.B.L. 291, at p. 293. 19 [1975] 1 WLR 315. 20 [1979] 1 Lloyd's Rep 267, [1982] Q.B. 208 and [1983] 1 AC 168. 21 [2002] All E.R. 697. 22 Ibid, at 712. 23 [1999] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 187. 24 Harbottle (R.D.) Mercantile (Ltd) v National Westminster Bank [1978] 1 Q.B. 146, at p. 155. 25 [1999] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 187 at 190. 26 E. Ellinger, ‘Fraud in Documentary Credit Transactions’, (1981) J.B.L., p. 258 at p. 266. 27 [1978] 1 Q.B. 146. 28 Y. Demir-Araz, ‘International Trade, Maritime Fraud and Documentary Credits’, International Trade Law & Regulation, (2002), vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 128-135, at p. 131. 29 R. Jack, A. Malek & D. Quest, Documentary Credits, 3rd ed., (Butterworth, London, 2001), p. 290. 30 E.P. Ellinger, ‘Documentary Credits and Fraudulent Documents’ in Current Problems of International Trade Financing, 2nd ed., eds. H.P. Kee & H.M. Chan (Butterworth, Singapore, 1990), p. 163. 31 P. Mukundan, ‘Trade finance fraud: when buyers and sellers collude’, Documentary Credits Insight, (2003) Jan-Mar, Vol. 9, No.1. 32 E.P. Ellinger, ‘Fraud in Documentary Credit Transactions’, (1981), J.B.L., p. 258 at p. 266. 33 P. Todd, Cases and Materials on International Trade Law, (Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2003), p. 770. 34 [1983] 1 AC 168 at 183. Fraud unravel all,拉丁原文应该是fraus omnia vitiate, Lord Diplock引用的是另外一句ex turpi causa non oritur action,意为“不能就非法的诉因成立诉讼”。 35 E.P. Ellinger, ‘Documentary Credits and Finance by Mercantile Houses’ in A.G. Guest (ed.) Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, 5th ed., (Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1997), p. 1715. 36 Gao Xiang,R. P. Buckley, ‘A Comparative Analysis of the Standard of Fraud Required under the Fraud Rule in Letter of Credit Law’, (2003) 13 Duke J. Comp. & Int'l L. 293. 37 Colorado Nat'l Bank v. Board of County Comm'rs, 634 P.2d 32, 39(Colo. 1981) 38 E.P. Ellinger, ‘Documentary Credits and Fraudulent Documents’ in Current Problems of International Trade Financing, 2nd ed., eds. H.P. Kee & H.M. Chan (Butterworth, Singapore, 1990), p. 169. 39郭瑜,《论信用证欺诈及其处理》,《法学》2000年第10期p.49。 40 United City Merchant (Investment) Ltd v Royal Bank of Canada (The American Accord) [1982] Q.B. 208 at 231. 41 R.M. Goode, ‘Abstract Payment Undertakings and the Rules of the International Chamber of Commerce’, (1995), St. Louis U. L.J., vol. 39, p. 725, at p.735. 42 R. Jack, A. Malek & D. Quest Documentary Credits, 3rd ed., (Butterworth, London, 2001), p. 265. 43 [1979] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 445 at 447. 44 Edward Owen Engineering Ltd v Barclays Bank International Ltd [1978] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 166 at p. 171. 45 [1982] QB 208. 46 Ibid, at pp. 246. 47 Schmitthoff, (1981) J.B.L., 381, 383. 48 R. Goode, ‘Abstract Payment Undertakings and the Rules of the International Chamber of Commerce’, (1995), St. Louis U. L.J., vol. 39, p. 725, at p. 737. 49 R.M. Goode, ‘Abstract Payment Undertakings’ in Essays for Patrick Atiyah, eds. P. Cane & J. Stapleton (Clarendon, Oxford, 1991), p. 229. 50 [1925] 146 NE 636 at p. 639. 51 R.R. Pennington Bank Finance for Companies (Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1987), p.28. 52 R.M. Goode, ‘Abstract Payment Undertakings’ in Essays for Patrick Atiyah, eds. P. Cane & J. Stapleton (Clarendon, Oxford, 1991), p. 229. 53 Ibid, p. 230. 54 G. Treitel, ‘C.I.F. Contracts’ in Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, 5th ed., ed. A.G. Guest (Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1997), p.1265. 55 James Finlay & Co Ltd v Kwik Hoo Tong [1929] 1 K.B. 400 at 408. 56 Hindley & Co Ltd v East Indian Produce Co Ltd [1973] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 515. 57 James Finlay & Co Ltd v Kwik Hoo Tong [1929] 1 K.B. 400; Kwei Tek Chao v British Traders and Shippers Ltd [1954] 2 Q.B. 459. 58 Leather v Simpson [1871] L.R. 11 Eq. 398; Guaranty Trust Co of N.Y. v Hannay [1918] 2 K.B. 623. 59 Arnhold Karberg & Co v Blythe, Green, Jourdain & Co. [1916] 1 K.B. 495 at 509. 60 J.C.T. Chuah, Law of International Trade, 2nd Edition, (Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2001), p. 126. 61 A. Davis, The Law Relating to Banker's Commercial Letters of Credit, (Pitman, London, 1963), p. 149. 62 Pennington & Hudson, Commercial Banking Law (Macdonald and Evans, Plymouth, 1978), p. 358. 63 R.M. Goode, ‘Reflections of Letters of Credit -- III’, (1980) J.B.L., p. 443, at p. 445. 64 H. Harfield, Bank Credit and Acceptance, 5th ed. (Ronald, New York, 1974), p. 42. 65 对此款的详细分析请参见:J.F. Dolan, ‘Letters of Credit, Article 5 Warranties, Fraud, and the beneficiary’s Certificate’, (1986), Business Lawyer, Feb., vol. 41, p. 347; R.F. Dole, ‘Warranties by Beneficiary of Letters of Credit under Revised Article 5 of the UCC: the Truth and Nothing but the Truth’, (2002), Houston Law Review, vol. 39, p. 375. 66 UCC § 5-110 cmt. 1, Official Comment of the UCC 1995: ‘Since the warranties in subsection (a) are not given unless a letter of credit has been honored, no breach of warranty under this subsection can be a defense to dishonor by the issuer.’ 67 R.F. Dole, ‘Warranties by Beneficiary of Letters of Credit under Revised Article 5 of the UCC: the Truth and Nothing but the Truth’, (2002), Houston Law Review, vol. 39, p. 375 at pp. 392-393. 68 J.F. Dolan, ‘Letters of Credit, Article 5 Warranties, Fraud, and the beneficiary’s Certificate’, (1986), Business Lawyer, Feb., vol. 41, p. 347 at p. 359. 69 Explanatory note by the UNCITRAL secretariat on the ‘United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit’, http://www.uncitral.org/english/texts/payments/guarantees.htm 70 F. De Ly, ‘The UN Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit’ (1999) 33 International Lawyer 831. 71 R. Jack, A. Malek & D. Quest, Documentary Credits (Butterworths, London, 2001), p. 266. 72 UCC §5-109, official commentary, para 1. 73 R. Jack, A. Malek & D. Quest, Documentary Credits (Butterworths, London, 2001), p. 267. 74 Banco Santander SA v Banque Paribas [2000] 1 All E.R. (Comm) 776. 75 E. Ellinger, Documentary Letters of Credit: a comparative study, (University of Singapore Press, Singapore, 1970), p. 161. 76 G. Smith, ‘Irrevocable Letters of Credit and Third Party Fraud: the American Accord’, (1983), Virginia Journal of International Law, vol. 24, p. 55, at p. 61. 77 Ibid, p. 81. 78 P. Mukundan, ‘Trade finance fraud: when buyers and sellers collude’, Documentary Credits Insight, (2003), Vol. 9, No.1. 79 R. Mann, ‘The Role of Letter of Credit in Payment Transactions’, (2000), Michigan Law Review, vol. 98, p. 2494 at p. 2502. 80 Bank of Nova Scotia v Angelica-Whitewear Ltd [1987] 1SCR 59 at 83. 81 J.J. Krimm, ‘U.C.C. – Letters of Credit and “Fraud in the Transaction”’, (1986), Tulane Law Review, vol. 60, p. 1088, at p. 1097. 82 R.M. Goode, ‘Abstract Payment Undertakings and the Rules of the International Chamber of Commerce’, (1995), St. Louis U. L.J., vol. 39, p. 725, at p. 735. 83 R. Jack, A. Malek & D. Quest, Documentary Credits (Butterworths, London, 2001), p. 271. 84 J. Stoufflet, ‘Fraud in Documentary Credit, Letter of credit and Demand Guaranty’, (2001), Dickinson Law Review, vol. 106, p. 21, at p. 25. 85 Banque de Neuflize Schlumberger, Mallet v The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp., C.Com., July 15, 1992, arrêt n.1366 not published; See also Société des Automobiles Peugeot v Falcon Deutchland, BNP and others, C.Com., April 29, 1997, JCP.E 1997.II.976. 86 C.Com., June 10, 1986, Banque Tejarat, Societe / SA Pipe Line Service and Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, D.1987.jur.17 note Vasseur. See also, C.Com., January 20, 1987, Ste Technique Electrique de l'Oise / Union Mediterraneenne de banque et Wahda Bank, JCP.1987.II.20760 note J. Stoufflet. 87 J. Stoufflet, ‘Fraud in Documentary Credit, Letter of credit and Demand Guaranty’, (2001), Dickinson Law Review, vol. 106, p. 21, at p. 25. 88 [2000] 1 All E.R. (Comm) 776. 89 A. Johnson & S. Paterson, ‘Fraud and Documentary Credits’, (2001), JIBL, Vol. 16, No. 2, 37-40. 90 M. Williams, ‘Documentary Credits and Fraud: English and Chinese Law Compared’, (2004), J.B.L., Mar., 155-170, at p. 168. 91 J. Stoufflet, ‘Fraud in Documentary Credit, Letter of credit and Demand Guaranty’, (2001), Dickinson Law Review, vol. 106, p. 21 at p. 22. 92 356 F. Supp. 991 (N.D. Ga. 1973). 93 Gao Xiang,R. P. Buckley, ‘A Comparative Analysis of the Standard of Fraud Required under the Fraud Rule in Letter of Credit Law’, (2003) 13 Duke J. Comp. & Int'l L. 293, at pp. 307-309. |